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Objective:To study the genetic characteristics and genetic evolution of echovirus 30 (ECHO30) isolates in Yunnan Province, China.Methods:Virus isolation was performed on nucleic acid-positive samples for hand, foot, and mouth disease pathogen surveillance in Yunnan Province, and VP1 gene sequencing was performed. The sequences of eight ECHO30 isolates from Yunnan Province and the gene sequences of the VP1 region of the ECHO30 reference strain downloaded from GenBank were compared and analyzed using MEGA 5.0 software, and then a phylogenetic tree was constructed to measure the homology of nucleotides and amino acids between the isolates.Results:The ECHO30 virus was distributed in Wenshan, Qujing, Chuxiong, and Kunming in Yunnan Province. The ECHO30 virus was relatively common in Wenshan. ECHO30 isolates belonged to the H2 subtype of the H genotype, which was close to the local reference strain LC120939 in Yunnan Province. On the VP1 gene at site 5, the amino acid change ratio was more active, the amino acids were diverse, and mutations also occurred at sites 54, 156, 258, and so on. Nucleotide and amino acid homology were 84.0% - 100.0% and 98.4% - 100.0%, respectively.Conclusions:ECHO30 isolates from Yunnan Province have certain geographical characteristics and belong to H2 of the H genotype. The nucleotide differences in virus sequences among subtypes are small and have a close genetic relationship.
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Objective:To investigate the predominant types of enteroviruses and the characteristics of the VP1 gene of coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4) causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2020.Methods:Throat swab and stool samples were collected from HFMD cases and tested by real-time quantitative PCR for nucleic acid detection. The samples positive for enterovirus nucleic acids were used for viral isolation and sent to the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The VP1 gene of the isolated strains was sequenced and analyzed.Results:From 2018 to 2020, a total of 21 757 HFMD samples were collected, 16 457 (75.64%) of which were positive for enteroviruses. Altogether 533 strains were isolated from 4 114 positive samples that were selected for viral isolation, including 89 strains of enterovirus 71 (EVA71, 16.70%), 180 strains of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16, 33.77%), 76 strains of CVA10 (14.26%), 118 strains of CVA6 (22.14%), 26 strains of CVA4 (4.88%) and 44 strains of other types (8.26%). HFMD occurred mainly in children under five years old with higher incidence in males than in females (1.35∶1). The incidence of HFMD reached the peak in the second and third quarters. In Yunnan Province, CVA4 mainly circulated in Qujing and Kunming, and was sporadically detected in Wenshan and Honghe. The VP1 gene was 915 bp in length. Twenty-six CVA4 strains belonged to C2 subtype, which were genetically far from the prototype strain AY421762-HighPoint. Mutations in the VP1 gene were found at multiple sites including 18, 23, 34, 102, 148, 164, 200, 262, 174, 275, 285 and 303. These strains showed 80.4%-99.0% homology in nucleotide sequence and 95.6%-99.0% in amino acid sequence. Nucleotide mutations were mostly synonymous mutations.Conclusions:CVA16, CVA6, EVA71 and CVA10 were the predominant enteroviruses causing HFMD in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2020. The prevalence of CVA4 was also worthy of attention. CVA4 isolates in Yunnan Province belonged to C2 subtype, mainly circulating in the east and southeast of Yunnan Province and gradually becoming a cocirculating predominant strain. Long-term dynamic monitoring would be of great public health significance for improving the sensitivity of HFMD early warning.
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Objective To understand the dynamic changes of the pathogen spectrum of viral diarrhea in Southwest China, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control measures. Methods A total of 2 262 fecal samples of diarrhea cases were collected from the diarrhea monitoring sites in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Chongqing from January 2017 to December 2019. The detection of rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus was performed by real-time PCR, and their epidemiological data were collected. Results The ratio of male to female patients was 1.30:1. The majority of patients were 3 years old and younger, accounting for 52.21%% of all cases. Children living at home accounted for 49.38% of all cases. The detection rate of rotavirus was 10.70%, followed by norovirus at 10.43% and adenovirus at 4.60%. The detection rate of rotavirus was the highest in Yunnan and Chongqing, which were 20.18% and 16.96%, respectively, while the detection rate of norovirus was the highest in Sichuan, which was 13.54%. Conclusion Rotavirus was still the main diarrheal pathogen in Southwest China. High incidence of diarrhea occurred in autumn and winter, with children living at home being the main patients. Measures should be taken to prevent outbreaks caused by norovirus and adenovirus.
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Objective:To explore the effect of probiotics on reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in sepsis patients.Methods:A total of 94 cases were randomly (random number) divided into the probiotic group ( n = 46) and the control group ( n = 48). All of the patients were given enteral nutrition therapy by nasogastric tube within 24-72 h after admission. And patients in the probiotic group were given live combined bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and enterococcus powder besides the regular therapy. The incidence of VAP, bacteremia, mortality, mechanical ventilation time and length of ICU stay were compared between the two groups. Results:Compared with the control group, the incidences of VAP and bacteremia in the probiotics group were significantly lower (χ 2=4.763, P=0.029; χ 2=4.438, P=0.035). There were no significant differences in 28-day mortality and the length of hospital stay between the two groups (χ 2=2.02, P=0.167; t=1.29, P=0.208). Mechanical ventilation time in the probiotics group was significantly shorter than that in the control group ( t=2.16, P=0.038). The Log-Rank test showed that the time of VAP-free in the probiotics group was significantly longer than that in the control group ( P < 0.05). After adjusting for APACHEⅡ score and age, COX proportional risk model analysis showed that the RR values of the probiotics group and the control group for 28-day VAP were 0.18 (95% CI: 0.12-0.74, P=0.025) and 0.21 (95% CI: 0.19-0.95, P=0.042), respectively. Conclusions:Probiotics treatment can reduce the incidence of VAP in sepsis patients.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of different cold ischemia time (CIT) on early graft function and acute rejection (AR) after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 218 donors and recipients undergoing liver transplantation were collected and analyzed. All patients were divided into three groups according to the CIT of donor liver: group A (CIT≤6 h, n=60), group B (6 h < CIT≤10 h, n=89) and group C (CIT > 10 h, n=69). Blood samples were collected on the 1, 7 and 14 d after liver transplantation. The changes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in CD4+T cells were detected. The incidence of AR and the positive rate of C4d deposition were analyzed. Results The ALT, AST and LDH levels in each group reached the peak on the 1 d after operation, and then gradually decreased. The indexes in each group were almost equivalent on the 14 d. An interaction effect existed between postoperative time and group. After liver transplantation, ATP levels in CD4+T cells were gradually increased in each group, peaked at postoperative 7 d, and then decreased gradually. An interaction effect was noted between postoperative time and group. The incidence of AR in groups A, B and C was 10%, 12% and 28%. Compared with group C, the incidence of AR in groups A and B was decreased significantly (both P < 0.05/3). The positive rate of C4d deposition in AR recipients of groups A, B and C was 1/3, 45% and 89% respectively. Compared with group C, the positive rate of C4d deposition in group A was decreased significantly (P=0.015). Conclusions The prolongation of CIT may lead to aggravation of early-stage liver function injury after liver transplantation, which is more easily to induce humoral AR.
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Objective@#To compare the clinical effect of conventional polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tube with silicone wire reinforced endotracheal tube to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in mechanical ventilation patients.@*Methods@#A total of 240 mechanical ventilation patients in the ICU were enrolled in this study, which were divided into two groups, PVC endotracheal intubation group (PVC group, n=113) and wire reinforced endotracheal intubation group (WR group, n=127). Gender, age, APACHEⅡ score, one-time success rate of intubation, intubation time, the rate of changing endotracheal, ventilation time, rate of tracheotomy and the incidence of VAP were compare between the two groups. Predictive factors for VAP were identified by the univariate and multivariate analyses in step-wise logistic regression model.@*Results@#The rate of changing endotracheal tube in the PVC group was lower than that in the WR group (χ2=5.785, P=0.016); the mechanical ventilation time in the PVC group was shorter than that in the WR group (t=2.180, P=0.018); and compared with the WR group, the PVC group had significantly lower incidence of VAP (χ2=6.215, P=0.012). The univariate analysis showed that the selection of PVC endotracheal tube, APACHE Ⅱ score and mechanical ventilation time were the significant risk factors for VAP (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the different selection of endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilation time were independent influencing factors of VAP (P < 0.05).@*Conclusions@#PVC tracheal tube can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP in patients with mechanical ventilation.
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Objective To compare the clinical effect of conventional polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tube with silicone wire reinforced endotracheal tube to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in mechanical ventilation patients.Methods A total of 240 mechanical ventilation patients in the ICU were enrolled in this study,which were divided into two groups,PVC endotracheal intubation group (PVC group,n=1 13) and wire reinforced endotracheal intubation group (WR group,n=127).Gender,age,APACHE Ⅱ score,one-time success rate of intubation,intubation time,the rate of changing endotracheal,ventilation time,rate of tracheotomy and the incidence of VAP were compare between the two groups.Predictive factors for VAP were identified by the univariate and multivariate analyses in step-wise logistic regression model.Results The rate of changing endotracheal tube in the PVC group was lower than that in the WR group (x2=5.785,P=0.016);the mechanical ventilation time in the PVC group was shorter than that in the WR group (t=2.180,P=0.018);and compared with the WR group,the PVC group had significantly lower incidence of VAP (x2=6.215,P=0.012).The univariate analysis showed that the selection ofPVC endotracheal tube,APACHE Ⅱ score and mechanical ventilation time were the significant risk factors for VAP (P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that the different selection of endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilation time were independent influencing factors ofVAP (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions PVC tracheal tube can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP in patients with mechanical ventilation.
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Objective To summarize the long-term outcomes and safety of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) with protocol ABVD. Methods The clinical data of 20 children with HL admitted to the Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University from July 2010 to June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 20 children with HL, 15 were male and 5 were female. The median age of initial diagnosis was 6.5 years old (3-12 years old). The pathological types were as follow: 1 case was nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL (NLPHL) and 19 cases were classical HL (cHL), including 9 cases of mixed cell type, 9 cases of nodular sclerosis type and 1 case of lymphocyte rich type. Basing on Ann Arbor staging system, 1 patient was evaluated as stage Ⅰ, 4 patients were stage Ⅱ, 10 patients were stage Ⅲ, and 5 patients were stage Ⅳ. There were 3 patients in the low-risk group, 7 patients in the intermediate-risk group, and 10 patients in the high-risk group. There were 9 patients with B symptoms. All patients were treated with the ABVD regimen. Results All the 20 patients completed all chemotherapy courses. After 2 courses, the effective rate was 100％(20/20), including 12 cases of complete remission (CR) and 8 cases of partial remission (PR). After the treatment, 19 cases achieved CR, and at the end of the 6 courses, the evaluation showed that 1 case had residual lesions. Follow-up to February 2018, clinical symptoms of 18 cases achieved CR, 2 cases relapsed (all high-risk group); the median follow-up time was 42 months (10.1-87.9 months), the overall survival rate was 100 ％ (20/20), the estimated 5-year rate of freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) was (89.1 ±7.3) ％.Conclusions According to the risk stratification, ABVD regimen has good safety and long-term efficacy for children with cHL. Even the patients in low-risk or intermediate-risk group do not achieve CR after 2 courses and do not receive radiotherapy, the prognosis of them is still good.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the malignant tumors with highest mortality.Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) as the mediator of many pathways,such as metabolic pathway,angiogenesis and adherence factor,is implicated in the onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.Through the literature retrieval,the activity of NF-κB and its implication in the onset,progression,invasion and metastasis have been reviewed in the article.
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Objective@#To analyze the infectious status and etiological characteristics of rotavirus A (RVA) from children less than five years old in the Kunming city of Yunnan province from July 2014 to June 2015, to provide basic data and methodological references for the disease surveillance, and controling outbreak cases investigations as well as vaccine research and development.@*Methods@#Stool samples were collected from 1 121 diarrhea cases and 319 healthy controls in four sentinel hospitals and transported to laboratory. Two-step reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of RVA in each stool specimen. Suspicious positive specimens of gel electrophoresis was further sequenced to make definite diagnosis of RVA infection. Each RVA positive stool specimen was confirmed with sequencing which was conducted the semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR to detect six G genotypes and six P genotypes.@*Results@#Total 244 samples from the 1 212 diarrhea patients were detected positive for RVA and the total positive rate was 21.8%. G typing of group A rotavirus mainly showed G9(66.4%, n=156), G3(18.7%, n=44), G1(8.9%, n=21)and G8(1.7%, n=4). P typing mainly showed P[8](92.8%, n=218)and P[4](4.7%, n=11); G/P combination genotypes were composed mainly of G9P[8](57.0%, n=134), G3P[8](18.3%, n=43) and G1P[8](8.9%, n=21). The detection rate of RVA in diarrhea patients had obvious seasonal distribution (χ2=46.3, P<0.001), with the prevalent peak in winter (31.2%), and the seasonal distribution of G9P[8](χ2=27.3, P<0.001), G1P[8](χ2=8.2, P<0.039)and G3P[8](χ2=10.2, P<0.042) had strong seasonal pattern with a peak in winter equally. In the subjects under five years, the detection rate of G9P[8](14.9%, 2.9%, χ2=18.1, P<0.001) and G3P[8](4.4%, 0.5%, χ2=5.6, P<0.018) from diarrhea cases were higher than that of in healthy controls, respectively.@*Conclusion@#There existed rather high infection rate of RVA in acute diarrhea cases in Yunnan province, which can be divided into a variety of genotypes, G9P[8]was the dominant genotype.
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@#Objective To investigate the effects of Lokomat robotic-assisted gait training combined with drop foot stimulator on gait function in patients with stroke. Methods Thirty-six stroke patients were randomly divided into control group (n=18) and observation group (n=18). Both groups received routine rehabilitation training. The control group accepted Lokomat robotic-assisted gait training, while the ob-servation group worn drop foot stimulator in addition. The training intensity was 30 minutes every day, five days per week for 6 weeks. Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Limb (FMA-LL), Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) and footprint analysis were used to evaluate the motor ability of lower limbs, walking ability and gait before and after training. Results There was no significant difference in the scores of FMA-LL, FAC and gait parameters (walking speed, stride width, stride length difference) before training (t<0.765, Z=0, P>0.05). The scores of FMA-LL, FAC and walking speed improved, and the stride width and stride length difference decreased after training (t>2.190, Z>3.630, P<0.05). After training, the scores of FMA-LL, FAC, walking speed and stride length difference were better in the observation group than in the control group (t>2.030, Z=-2.560, P<0.05), however, there was no significant difference in stride width between two groups (t=0.570, P>0.05). Conclusion Lokomat robotic-assisted gait training combined with foot drop stimulator could improve the lower limb motor func-tion and gait ability in patients with stroke, and the effect might be better than using Lokomat robotic-assisted gait training only.
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Objective: To study the effects of adrenomedullin (ADM) and proadrenomedullin N terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) alone or in combinations on the isolated rat hearts as well as the possible signaling pathways involved in their actions. Methods: In isolated rat hearts, the left ventricular pressure (LVP), LVP?dp/dtmax, coronary fluid (CF) and heart rate(HR) of the hearts infused at different concentrations of ADM and/or PAMP were determined by a 4 cannal physiological recorder, then the cAMP contents were assayed in myocardium. Results: After being infused with ADM from 10 -11 to 10 -8 mol?L -1 or PAMP from 10 -11 to 10 -8 mol?L -1 , the LVP and LVP?dp/dtmax of the isolated hearts decreased gradually in a concentration dependent manner, and at the same concentration, the effects of PAMP were more potent than those of the ADM. When ADM and PAMP were co administrated with both concentrations as low as from 10 -11 to 10 -10 mol?L -1 , the cardiac parameters were decreased more than either ADM or PAMP administrated alone. However, the inhibitory effects of ADM and PAMP were attenuated when they were in combination at higher concentrations as from 10 -9 to 10 -8 mol?L -1 . When the rat hearts were infused with ADM, PAMP,and ADM plus PAMP, the CF were always higher than those of the controls and decreased when co administrated with L NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, but the decreaseddegree of LVP and LVP?dp/dtmax were attenuated by L NAME.The cAMP contents in the left cardiac ventricle were increased significantly by ADM infusions but not changed obviously by PAMP, and were of no statistical difference in rat hearts with ADM administrated alone from those combinated with ADM and PAMP. Conclusion: These results showed that ADM and PAMP infused alone or in combinations inhibited the function of rat hearts in vitro, which might be partly involved with the NOS/NO pathway.
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] AIM: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid known to have growth factor-like activity on fibroblasts, and is involved in cardiovascular diseases. Besides direct effects, usually, LPA can work together with other bioactive factors to regulate cardiovascular homeostasis by induction of their expression and production, or increase in their activity. Among variety of bioactive factors, adrenomedullin (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide with an important cytoprotective effect against cardiovascular damage, but the interaction between ADM and LPA on adventitia remains unknown. METHODS: The experiment was performed on the bath of isolated rat aortic adventitia, ADM produced and secreted from adventitia stimulated by LPA was detected by using radioimmunoassay, proliferation in adventitia cells was evaluated by the level of [3H]-thymine incorporation, and prepro ADM gene expression was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: It was found that LPA stimulated aortic adventitia to secrete ADM and express its mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. ADM inhibited LPA-induced proliferation in adventitial cells, and attenuated the activity of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) stimulated by LPA. In contrast, the treatment with specific antagonists of ADM receptor potentiated the LPA-induced proliferation in adventitial cells. CONCLUSION: LPA stimulates adventitia to produce and secrete ADM, and in turn, ADM produced by adventitia regulates the vascular biological effects of LPA. [
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A high xylanase producing strain 22 of Aspergillus clavatus was screened from 105 strains of molds and yeasts. The suitable medium consisted of (g/L): bagasse hemicellulose 30, NH_4NO_3 5, yeast extract 5, wheat bran 10, Tween 80 1 and a small quantity of other minerals; initial pH 5.5. Theoptimalsporeinoculumwas4.9X10~6spores/ml (final concentration). Theactivity of xylanase was as high as 335.9 U/ml in shake-flask experiment at 28℃ for 72 h. The optimal temperature and pH for xylanase reaction were 50℃ and pH 4.8. 72.6% of its original activity was remained after incubation at 50℃ for 1 h, and 90% of the enzym activity was observed upon storage at 8℃ for 9 days . Sugars. Na~+. Ca~(2+). and Zn~(2+) increased its activity wherease Co~(2+)and Cu~(2+) inhibited it.
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AIM: To investigate the bio-effects of salusins on rat heart and cardiomyocytes. METHODS: The cardiac function was determined by multipurpose polygraph in isolated rat heart treated with various concentrations of salusin-? or salusin-?. [ 45Ca 2+] and [3H]-Leu incorporation were determined in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with ?-liquid scintillation counter. RESULTS: 10 -12-10 -7mol/L salusin-? and salusin-? had no effects on isolated rat cardiac function. However, salusin-? and salusin-? stimulated [ 45Ca 2+] uptake and [3H]-Leu incorporation. The [ 45Ca 2+] uptake induced by salusins were inhibited by nicardipine, and were synergistically increased by endothelin-1. The [3H]-Leu incorporation induced by salusin-? and salusin-? was inhibited by nicardipine, FK506 (a special inhibitor of carcineulin), PD 98059 (inhibitor of MAPK) and chelerthine (inhibitor of PKC). The effects of salusin-? on [ 45Ca 2+] uptake was stronger than those of salusin-?. But there were no statistical difference in [3H]-Leu incorporation between salusin-? and salusin-?. CONCLUSIONS: Salusin-? and salusin-? did not affect directly cardiac function in rat hearts. But salusins improved calcium uptake and protein synthesize in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Those effects of salusins were related with calcium channel, carcinuelin, MAPK and PKC signal pathways. Salusins may be the regulatory factors for myocardium growth and hypertrophy.
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Aim To determine the protective effects of IMD on ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury and its possible mechanism.Method Isolated rat hearts were perfused by Langendorff mode,and after 45 min global ischemia and 30 min reperfusion ventricular function was measured on a Power Lab,and adequate amount of ventricular tissues and perfusate were collected for biochemical measurement.Results Treatment with IMD during the reperfusion period significantly attenuated the effects of I/R on cardiac function inhibition and tissue injury.Compared with I/R group,IMD induced increase in △LVP,LV(dp/dtmax,HR and CF,whereas induced decrease in LVDP.Reperfusion with IMD exerted decrease in LDH,total protein,Mb and MDA content compared with I/R group,but increased myocardial cAMP content.All these values were similar to the effects of ADM.Furthermore,I/R induced significant increase in Bmax and Kd value.Conclusion IMD exerted beneficial effects on cardiac injury induced by I/R which might be mediated by cAMP pathway.And the cardioprotective effects of IMD were equal to ADM,a potent cytoprotective factor.
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AIM: In this study, we aimed to explore the alteration and pathophysiological significance of the L-arginine (L-Arg)/NOS/NO pathway in the adventitia of rats with sepsis. METHODS: Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rat cardiac function was determined. NO generation, NOS activity and L-Arg transport were measured. The iNOS mRNA levels was determined by using RT-PCR. RESULTS: Cecal ligation and puncture induced severe sepsis with severe low glucose, high lacticemia and cardiac function inhibition. The iNOS activity was increased by 2.8-fold compared with controls (P
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AIM: To observe the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H_2S) on the rat cardiac function in vitro, to explorer the physiological regulation of endogenous H_2S on myocardial action. METHODS: H_2S concentration and production in the rat myocardial tissues were detected. The expression of CSE (a kind of key enzyme of endogenous H_2S production) mRNA in myocardial tissues was screened by RT-PCR. Langendorff apparatus was used to perfuse the rat heart in vitro. After 20 minutes of stabilization, NaHS (10~-6 -10~-3 mol/L) were added cumulatively in order to the perfusive fluid, and another group applied physiological concentration NaHS (4?10~-4 mol/L), continuously perfusion for 20 min, heart rate (HR), difference of left ventricular pressure (△LVP), left ventricular peak rate of contraction (+LV dp/dt_~max ), peak rate of relaxation (-LV dp/dt_~max ) and coronary perfusive flow (CPF) were measured at the times. Finally, glibenclamide was applied to block the K_~ATP channel of heart, to observe the effect of NaHS at physiological concentration on cardiac function. RESULTS: NaHS concentration-dependently inhibited left ventricular ?dp/dt_~max and △LVP (P